Liquor baron Vijay Mallya isn’t the only defaulter, there are 5,275 others as well

While Mallya and his Rs 7,000-crore default have grabbed headlines, there are many others who together owe Indian banks a staggering sum of Rs 56,521 crore

WrittenBy:IndiaSpend
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Bangalore: Liquor baron Vijay Mallya (60) and his Rs 7,000-crore default occupy headlines, but there are 5,275 other “wilful defaulters”—together, they owe India’s banks Rs 56,521 crore ($ 83.9 billion), according to the Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd, or CIBIL, a company set up by banks to collect defaulter information.

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The money that wilful defaulters owe Indian banks has grown nine-fold over 13 years, and is more than 1.5 times the central government’s allocation for agriculture and farmer welfare (Rs 35,984 crore) in Union Budget 2016-17, according to an IndiaSpend analysis of CIBIL data.

Banks declare borrowers to be “wilful defaulters” when they deliberately do not repay loans, despite the ability to do so. Many defaults may not be wilful, caused as they may be by adverse economic conditions. Mallya’s now-defunct Kingfisher Airlines is fourth on CIBIL’s list—available with IndiaSpend—of wilful defaulters.

India’s five leading wilful defaulters are Mumbai-based Winsome Diamonds & Jewellery Ltd. and associate Forever Precious Jewellery & Diamonds Ltd., which together owe banks Rs 3,263 crore. They are followed by Indore-based real-estate developer Zoom Developers (Rs 1,647 crore), Kingfisher Airlines Ltd. (Rs 1,200 crore), Mumbai-based Beta Naphthol (Rs 951 crore) and Kanpur-based Raza Textiles (Rs 694 crore).

Except Winsome Diamonds & Jewellery Ltd, the other companies are in various stages of liquidation, according to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs website. E-mails sent last week to Winsome Diamonds and Kingfisher Airlines went unanswered, as did emails to two prominent banks that loaned them money—State Bank of India (SBI) and Punjab National Bank (PNB).  SBI accounts for 32% of dues owed by wilful defaulters.

Amount owed by wilful defaulters grows nine-fold over 13 years

In 2002, the total amount owed by wilful defaulters was Rs 6,291 crore ($9.3 billion). It grew—as we said—nine-fold over the next 13 years to Rs 56,521 crore ($83.9 billion).

“A powerful nexus between chairmen of public sector banks, auditors, Reserve Bank of India and the banks’ boards is behind the country’s total Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and wilful defaulters,” said S Nagarajan, General Secretary, All India Bank Officers’ Associations.

Maharashtra has more wilful defaulters than any other state: 1,138, who owe Rs 21,647 crore. Next is West Bengal with 710 and Andhra Pradesh with 567 cases. But in terms of defaults, Delhi is second with more than Rs 7,299 crore.

As of 31 December, 2015; Suit-filed accounts refer to those where a civil loan-recovery suit is filed against the defaulter. Nationalised banks account for 79% of money loaned.

As many as 19 nationalised banks record 4,738 wilful defaulters who owe them more than Rs 26,600 crore. Of these, the SBI and its associates record 1,546 wilful defaulters, who owe Rs 47,350 crore. Wilful defaulters of public-sector banks overshadow those with private and foreign banks.

Suit-filed Accounts (Wilful Defaulters) of Rs. 25 Lakh & Above
Credit GrantorRecordsValue (Rs crore)
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
SPECIFIED UNDERTAKING OF UNIT TRUST OF INDIA24.00378.54
EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF INDIA4.00223.11
UTI MUTUAL FUND14.00126.29
Total42.00727.94
FOREIGN BANKS
CITIBANK N.A.4.0018.30
DEUTSCHE BANK1.0031.84
DOHA BANK QSC2.0072.05
STANDARD CHARTERED BANK25.00301.41
BANK OF BAHRAIN & KUWAIT B.S.C.2.0023.31
CREDIT AGRICOLE CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK4.0016.06
Total38.00462.97
NATIONALISED BANKS
ANDHRA BANK283.002,428.47
BANK OF BARODA192.001,368.79
BANK OF MAHARASHTRA92.00775.56
ALLAHABAD BANK30.00487.74
DENA BANK142.00802.30
INDIAN BANK36.001,200.28
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK1.0013.80
ORIENTAL BANK OF COMMERCE339.003,545.83
PUNJAB AND SIND BANK24.00247.56
PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK698.009,445.06
UNION BANK OF INDIA611.002,990.87
VIJAYA BANK105.001,894.91
CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA639.003,574.09
Total3,192.0028,775.25
PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS
AXIS BANK LTD126.00993.88
CATHOLIC SYRIAN BANK30.00108.73
DEVELOPMENT CREDIT BANK LTD1.000.20
DHANALAKSHMI BANK LTD.67.00164.63
HDFC BANK LIMITED51.00242.67
ICICI BANK LIMITED18.00393.54
INDUSIND BANK LTD.120.00899.75
KARNATAKA BANK LTD.7.0060.54
KARUR VYSYA BANK LTD.[31.00375.37
KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK61.005,442.20
TAMILNAD MERCANTILE BANK LIMITED31.00178.55
THE FEDERAL BANK LTD195.00803.09
THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR BANK LIMITED2.001.22
THE RATNAKAR BANK LTD8.0030.17
THE SOUTH INDIAN BANK LIMITED40.00524.97
YES BANK4.0030.23
Total792.0010,249.75
SBI AND ITS ASSOCIATE BANKS
STATE BANK OF BIKANER & JAIPUR80.001,609.06
STATE BANK OF HYDERABAD197.002,088.72
STATE BANK OF INDIA1,034.0012,091.23
STATE BANK OF MYSORE69.001,029.85
STATE BANK OF PATIALA101.00847.85
STATE BANK OF TRAVANCORE65.00909.76
Total1,546.0018,576.47
Grand Total5,610.0058,792.38

As of 31 December, 2015; Suit-filed accounts refer to those where a civil loan-recovery suit is filed against the defaulter.

Speaking on condition of anonymity, a senior executive manager of a Singapore-based bank said: “Often, banks do not even report unpaid loans to CIBIL due to a nexus between politician and defaulter. Kingfisher is on the list, because Mallya’s cover has been blown. This is the reason corporate get easy loans from government banks and not private and foreign banks.”

Private-sector banks also have an unpaid-loan problem, but their bad loans are less than half the level of public-sector banks, which account for 73% of all lending, as IndiaSpend reported last month.

“Government banks face immense pressure from parliamentarians to provide loans to corporate, the politician-bureaucrat-corporate nexus is very strong,” said Sanat Dutta, a lawyer for nationalised banks in debt recovery tribunals for more than 10 years.

Diamonds in Dubai, land in US, cricket team—what defaulters did with their loans

India’s wilful defaulters have a history of using loans from public banks for a variety of purposes–some unrelated to their businesses, others used for expansion without business diligence.

Among the wilful defaulters is English daily Deccan Chronicle, which survives despite a string of unpaid loans—used for other businesses, including a cricket team—and Mumbai-based JB Diamonds, the target of income-tax raids after a 2010 Rs 800-crore default.

Once India’s largest diamond exporter, 49-year-old JB Diamonds was accused by a Hong Kong banking administrator—the company owes Rs 500 crore to Hong Kong banks—of “well-planned fraudulent transactions”.

Jatin Mehta—promoter of India’s largest wilful defaulters, Winsome Diamonds and associate Forever Precious—was accused in forensic audits (quoted here in the Indian Express) of “wrongly attempting to distance himself” from business partners who did not pay dues, in particular a Jordanian in Dubai, but had been chosen by Mehta himself.

Vijay Choudhury, the promoter of Zoom Developers, which owes money to a consortium of 26 public-sector banks led by PNB, bought land valued at Rs 1,000 crore in the US using loan money, according to the Enforcement Directorate, which ordered the land attached. “The accused have knowingly formed various trust and beneficiary companies and projected them as independent entities concealing the relationship between the trust and the foreign companies…”, said the attachment order, quoted in India Today.

With Mallya’s Kingfisher Airlines, SBI alleged that money loaned was diverted several times to various companies of Mallya’s United Breweries (UB) group. Mallya and his company (UB Group) are contesting SBI’s charges, and the case is currently with the Bombay High Court.

Various cases are underway against wilful defaulters in debt recovery tribunals nationwide. There are many more who have escaped legal action.

More wilful defaulters than CIBIL’s data show

CIBIL is one of four Credit Information Companies (CICs) that collect and maintain data of wilful defaulters who owe Rs. 25 lakh and more. The three other CICs are Experian Credit Information Company of India Private Limited, Equifax Credit Information Services Private Limited and High Mark Credit Information Services Private Limited.

This CIBIL list contains data on wilful defaulters—who owe Rs 25 lakh and more and against whom suits were filed—provided by 50 of about 90 Indian banks, as on December 31, 2015. The list of defaulters held by three other CICs is here: EquifaxExperian and CRIF.

The full list of wilful defaulters is with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which does not disclose names. Last month, the Supreme Court asked the RBI for a list of defaulters who own more than Rs 500 crore to banks.

The RBI list contains the names of those against whom loan-recovery suits have been filed, as well as those free of legal action. As many as 7,265 borrowers (who borrowed more than Rs 25 lakh) owed Rs 64,434 crore to public-sector banks as on September 30, 2015, according to this statement in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament. Of these, first-information reports—the first legal step–have been filed in only 1,624 cases.

Other than wilful defaulters, there are 7,436 others who owe banks Rs 115,301 crore ($ 171 billion), according to the CIBIL list. There are more defaulters, as we said earlier, than the CIBIL list shows.

Suit-filed Accounts Of Rs 1 crore & Above
Credit GrantorsRecordsValue (Rs crore)
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
EXPORT IMPORT BANK OF INDIA351
SPECIFIED UNDERTAKING OF UNIT TRUST OF INDIA901,306
UTI MUTUAL FUND30284
Total1231,643
FOREIGN BANKS
ANZ BANK ( AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BANKING GROUP LTD )131
BANK OF BAHRAIN & KUWAIT B.S.C.318
CITIBANK N.A.701,333
CTBC BANK CO LTD673
DEUTSCHE BANK15216
DOHA BANK QSC12210
FIRSTRAND BANK LIMITED12371
JP MORGAN CHASE BANK NA14377
JSC VTB BANK17
STANDARD CHARTERED BANK140490
STATE BANK OF MAURITIUS LIMITED9215
THE HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION LTD18467
Total3013,811
NATIONALISED BANKS
ALLAHABAD BANK3006,473
ANDHRA BANK2945,207
CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA9527,718
INDIAN BANK44394
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK2064,829
ORIENTAL BANK OF COMMERCE5158,273
PUNJAB AND SIND BANK60601
VIJAYA BANK1121,906
Total2,48335,403
PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS
AXIS BANK LTD3565,121
CATHOLIC SYRIAN BANK31230
DEVELOPMENT CREDIT BANK LTD17129
DHANALAKSHMI BANK LTD.69453
HDFC BANK LIMITED2492,347
ICICI BANK LIMITED3386,830
IDBI BANK LIMITED14
IDFC BANK LTD42
INDUSIND BANK LTD.1231,401
KARNATAKA BANK LTD.61606
KARUR VYSYA BANK LTD.33576
KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK4047,144
TAMILNAD MERCANTILE BANK LIMITED34270
THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR BANK LIMITED100974
THE LAKSHMI VILAS BANK LIMITED30432
THE RATNAKAR BANK LTD771
THE SOUTH INDIAN BANK LIMITED69721
YES BANK36297
Total1,96227,616
SBI AND ITS ASSOCIATE BANKS
STATE BANK OF BIKANER & JAIPUR1011,980
STATE BANK OF HYDERABAD2263,725
STATE BANK OF INDIA1,97236,105
STATE BANK OF MYSORE1251,694
STATE BANK OF TRAVANCORE1433,320
Total2,56746,826
Grand Total7,436115,301

As of 31 December, 2015; Suit-filed accounts refer to those where a civil loan-recovery suit is filed against the defaulter.

As of 31 December, 2015; Suit-filed accounts refer to those where a civil loan-recovery suit is filed against the defaulter.

If the unpaid loans made by India’s public-sector banks were recovered, they would be enough to pay for India’s 2015 spending on defence, education, highways, and health, as IndiaSpend reported last month. These bad loans, or gross non-performing assets (NPAs) as they are called in banking parlance, of public-sector banks have crossed Rs 4.04 lakh crore ($59 billion), a rise of 450% since March 2011.

Mallya’s Kingfisher is now the public face of a long-festering problem, but even that has been evident to those in banking circles.

After Kingfisher, the cleanup begins

In 2010, Kingfisher Airlines got Rs 6,900 crore from 17 lenders, mostly public-sector banks. The biggest lender is SBI with Rs 1,600 crore.

Other banks that lent money to Kingfisher include Punjab National Bank and IDBI Bank (Rs 800 crore each), Bank of India (Rs 650 crore), Bank of Baroda (Rs 550 crore), Central Bank of India (Rs 410 crore).

With the spike in loan write-offs and NPAs and a fall in profits spooking the banking sector, RBI governor Raghuram Rajan has made it clear that banks “may require deep surgery” to clean up their balance sheets and put stressed projects back on track.

One suggestion to tighten things comes from lawyer Dutta, who said the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, needed amendment. “Currently we can’t initiate criminal proceedings against the defaulters as the act is civil in nature,” he said.

Who is a wilful defaulter?
The Reserve Bank of India defines a “wilful default” under these circumstances:
    • (a) The unit has defaulted in meeting its payment / repayment obligations to the lender even when it has the capacity to honour the said obligations.
    • (b) The unit has defaulted in meeting its payment / repayment obligations to the lender and has not utilised the finance from the lender for the specific purposes for which finance was availed of but has diverted the funds for other purposes.
    • (c) The unit has defaulted in meeting its payment / repayment obligations to the lender and has siphoned off the funds so that the funds have not been utilised for the specific purpose for which finance was availed of, nor are the funds available with the unit in the form of other assets.
    • (d) The unit has defaulted in meeting its payment / repayment obligations to the lender and has also disposed off or removed the movable fixed assets or immovable property given by him or it for the purpose of securing a term loan without the knowledge of the bank/lender.
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